- Autumn 2024
Syllabus Description:
Drama 571:
Transnational Exchanges: Globalism and the circulation of performance in the Early Modern ‘commons’
Odai Johnson
Fall 2024: Tues / Thursday, 2:30-4:50
Using Liz Dillon’s notion of a performative commons - a shared cultural sphere across geography - this seminar considers how modes of performance – texts, character types, functions, audiences, architecture, optics, narrative genres - and the world-views behind them, (fixed class systems, single point perspective, artists and patrons) circulated across borders (and oceans) as cultural capital in the first stages of globalism, 1550-1660. We consider the many ways theatre cargoed grand cultural narratives in the new market of trade. Stories from Spain are carried ship-board to New Spain; North African, Arabic, and Turkish characters from the scenarios of Italian commedia dell’arte migrate to the France of Moliere, but not directly from Italy, but translated through Spanish Naples and then Spain - where that Arabic-Italian-Spanish-French Commedia picks up foreign genres, like pastoral and royal opera; English genres are carried by traveling companies to Germany, and Italian castrati opera arrives in England. Theatre is part and parcel of the larger globalism that circulated goods and technologies, so situating performance within this market of early globalism is essential.
Period:
We’ll work largely in the Early Modern period – 1550’s 1660’s - in Spain, England, France, Portugal, Italy, the German and Dutch States, and the vast reach of colonies and trading circuits they established in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Americas. It is a large geography and a large sphere of influence, some background on the geography is useful to track the influence.
Tools: tracking the circulation of performance practices and their ideology across the circum-Atlantic and beyond.
The attention to globalism and exchanges between cultures re-focused the lens of looking away from the national and local, to consider how theatre is participating in the acquisition, exchange and display of culture imported like trade, as an accelerator of the great social disruptions that globalism advanced: foreign contact, new products and technologies, military and missionary conflicts protecting trading circuits, land-grants and the relocations of prior peoples, emergent merchant classes that subvert rigid social structures . . . all the displacements attendant to this large re-alignment. Consider the changes that erupted around the Quarrel of Le Cid: the case of a French playwright composing a Spanish story about Moorish honor in an Italian form that was too provincial for the new ideal of theatre that promoted an internationalized France as the center of culture. Culture becomes capital to produce nation. France imported Italian ideals, Italian design; England imports Italian opera, native traditions are retired in favor of global imports, while the new imports are then exported in the colonial project that followed. . . We are thus tracing ideas in motion across time and space.
Plays:
Calderon de la Barca: Love After Death:
Lope de Vega: The Duchess of Malfi’s Steward; The Innocent Child; The Famous Drama of the Discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus
Christopher Marlowe: The Jew of Malta;
John Webster: The Duchess of Amalfi
Sor Juana: Pawns of a House, or House of Trials
William Shakespeare: Othello, The Merchant of Venice, Tempest
Moliere: Bourgeois Gentilhomme ; The Flying Doctor; The Sicilian.
William D’avenant, The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru.
Robert Daborne, A Christian Turn’d Turk.
Isabella Andrinni and Flaminio Scala, Scenarii of the Gelosi Company, evening 41, evening 36, evening 7, evening 27 . . .
Some background reading:
- ‘The Common Market of all the World’: English Theatre, the Global System, and the Ottoman Empire in the Early Modern Period, Daniel Vitkus.
- ‘The Tempest and the Newfoundland Cod Fishery,’ Edward Test, in Global Traffic.
- The Tragic History of the Sea, Manoel de Souse Sepulveda.
- “Ill luck, ill luck?” risk and hazard in The Merchant of Venice, Ian MacInnes, from Global Traffic.
- The Discovery of Brazil, Pedro Vaz de Caminha, 1500
- From Thomas Gage’s Travels in the New World
- ‘Re-Reading Theodore de Bry’s Black Legend,’ Patricia Gravatt, from Re-reading the Black-Legend
- ‘The Re-Christianization of the Peninsula: El Cerco de Santa Fe,’ DeLys Ostlund.
- Staging the Moor: Turks, Moriscos, and Anti-Christs in Lope de Vega’s El Otomano Famoso, Anjela María Mescall.
- The Spanish Stage in the time of Lope de Vega – Hugo Rennert
- From The Journal of Christopher Columbus.
- ‘Kidnapping Language,’ from Marvelous Possessions, Stephen Greenblatt.
- ‘Inhaling the Alien: Race and Tobacco in Early Modern England’, Kristen Brookes; in Global Traffic.
- From 1616: The World in Motion, Thomas Christensen.
- From, The World of the Castrati, Patrick Barbier.
- ‘Border Crossing in the Commedia dell’arte’, Robert Henke, in Transnational Exchange in Early Modern Theatre.
- From, The Commedia dell’arte in Paris, Virginia Scott.
- "Turks' on Display during the Reign of Louis XIV,' Meredith Martin and Gillian Weiss
- 'Celebrating Identity: Charting the History of Turkish Masquerade in Early Modern France,' Julia Landweber.
For Further Reading:
Elizabethan Globalism, Matthew Dimmock
1616: the World in Motion, Thomas Christensen
Marvelous Possessions, Stephen Greenblatt
The Spanish Stage in the Time of Lope de Vega, Hugo Rennert.
Transnational Exchange in the Early Modern, Robert Henke, Eric Nicholson, eds.
Texts: the background reading has been made available for you as a canvas file.
The plays are commonly available - Shakespeare, Marlowe, Lope de Vega, Moliere, or when not readily available, I have scanned them as canvas files.
Expectations:
* Construct a timeline of influential events.
* host a discussion on a play or article of your choice
* produce a conference-length paper (10-12 pps.)
The timeline will help us make connections across continents. 1492, for example. . . or 1576. . . or 1619 . . . or 1660 . . .
As with any pass through the performance of the Early Modern, we need to become aware of the enormity of the field. This anthology of readings is but a small sampling of the size and scope of the interests of the discipline.
There are so many great plays of the period that are still routinely produced, and hundreds more that should be. We should know a few of them. More will be referenced than read. You have lots of life left to read all the others!
The period:
What used to be called ‘Great Age of Discovery’ (1490s – 1640s) might be thought of as Early Modern Globalism, as discovery was inevitably bound up with the exchange of goods, cultures, ideologies. This was never an equitable exchange. It also coincided with the wars of religion within the countries who conducted that discovery. Between the Reconquista and the Expulsion of the Jews (1490s) to the Reformation (1520s) and the wars of the century that followed, a sort of religious cold war playbook under-mapped the points of contact.
The rhythm: We will usually host two conversations per day. A play and something of contextual background, articles, maps, images. The week is usually broken into a heavy reading day (Tuesday) and a lighter Thursday. Two holidays also interrupt the work.
Schedule
TH Sep 26: Introductions and expectations; the optics of reading Early Modern Globalism and the circulation of goods, performance and ideas; introduce the REED project.
T Oct 1: For Tuesday: As a point of departure for tracking the explosion of exchanges that characterize early globalism, choose an English parish and summarize the pre-modern performances traditions based on the records of the REED project. [The same can be done with the French farce traditions or the German carnival plays, with records in abundance of local performance traditions prior to the Early Modern].
TH Oct 3: Early performative contact: ‘Border Crossing in the Commedia dell’arte’, Robert Henke, in Transnational Exchange in Early Modern Theatre. Flaminio Scala, scenarios 7, 26, 36 & 41. And for fun, Moliere, The Flying Doctor.
T Oct 8: Working lenses for reading: Read from the opening and introduction of Liz Dillon’s New World Drama: The Performative Commons. How books are built. // Read ‘The Common Market of the World,” Daniel Vitkus. First example of material exchange: read ‘The Tempest and the Newfoundland Fishery,’ in Global Traffic; refresh The Tempest.
TH Oct 10: ‘Inhaling the Alien: race and tobacco in Early Modern England,’ in Global Traffic; bring in examples of other material trade goods and what they might cargo.
T Oct 15: Travel tales. Read The tragedy of the Sea; and ‘Ill luck, ill luck?, Risk and Hazzard in The Merchant of Venice,’ in Global Traffic, refresh The Merchant of Venice.
TH Oct 17: Points of contact and their prior points of contact: Liz Dillon, ‘London’ and the text she works with, D’avenant’s The Cruelty of the Spaniards in Peru (accessible online, https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A81963.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext ; finally, ‘Re-reading Theodore de Bry’s Black Legend,’ Patricia Gravatt, from Re-reading the Black Legend.
T Oct 22: Calderon, Love After Death; ‘The Re-Christianization of the peninsula: El Cerco de Santa Fe.
TH Oct 24: Baroque exchanges: courts speaking to courts. Read a short piece by Helen Watanabe-O'Kelly 'True and Historical Descriptions'? European Festivals and the Printed Record' for an account of festival books (available online, through UW libraries, as a ebook chapter). For better context, read 'Feasts, allegory, politics,' in Kristiaan Aerche's Gods of Play. (canvas file). Find a baroque performance and share something of what it communicates.
T Oct 29: The Spanish Stage in the time of Lope de Vega, chpt. VIII; Lope de Vega’s The Innocent Child
TH 31: Travel tales: Read ‘The Discovery of Brazil,’ 1500 letter from Pero Vaz de Caminha, and from Thomas Gage’s Travels in the New World: Dedication, chapters 1 - 5 . Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz, Pawns of a House
T Nov 5: Lope de Vega, The Duchess of Malfi's Steward; Webster, The Duchess of Malfi.
TH Nov 7: The Famous Drama of the Discovery of the New World; and from The Journal of Christopher Columbus; ‘Kidnapping Language,’ Stephen Greenblatt (packet).
T Nov 12: Othello; and ‘Staging the Moor: Turks, Moriscos, and Antichrists in Lope de Vega’s El Otomano Famoso’.
TH Nov 14: ASTR (no class)
T Nov 19: Mapping the Mediterranean: read The Jew of Malta, Christopher Marlowe; read A Christian Turn’d Turk and an attentant article, 'Jack Ward and A Christian Turn'd Turk.'
TH Nov 21: Right-sizing research, i: conference papers, articles, dissertations, books. This etude is based on the readings so far.
T Nov 26: Importing opera and the cult of the Castrati: read ‘Origins and Recruitment,’ and ‘the road to fame,’ in The World of the Castrati, Patrick Barbier.
TH Nov 28: No Class (Thanksgiving)
T Dec 3: Moliere, The Sicilian; Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. For background, two short articles: 'Celebrating Identity: Charting the History of Turkish Masquerade in Early Modern France,' Julia Landweber, and 'Turks on Display during the Reign of Louis XIV,' Meredith Martin and Gilliam Weiss.
TH Dec 5: Right-sizing research ii: propose a ‘performative commons’ book using linkages of performance and market goods, genres, or technologies of theatre. How might you – speculatively – order and arrange your case studies? What connects them?